toggle all bits of PORTx with a delay

Creating a AVR program to toggle all bits of PORTx

firstly we need to set PORTA as ouput by setting DDRA = OxFF and set the initial value at PORTA as 0x00 (to remove any garbage value already present in the PORTA register and for the XOR operation to work correctly.

we can then toggle PORTA by XOR-ing it with the 0xFF. in C we can use ^ bitwise operator.

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>
 
int main(void) {
    DDRA = 0xFF;
    PORTA = 0x00;
 
    while (1) {
        PORTA ^= 0xFF;
        _delay_ms(500);
    }
}